Omtrent 7-9 % af den kaukasiske befolkning har variationer i CYP2D6 genet som koder for ingen- eller nedsat aktivitet af CYP2D6 (se personlig medicin ). Tramadol et produg der omdannes til den aktive metabolit by means of CYP2D6. Patienter med nedsat eller manglende aktivitet af CYP2D6, vil have reduceret- eller manglende effekt af tramadol.Ekspert

They identified that modafinil amplified dopamine while in the caudate and promoted arousal while in the absence of orexin receptors, but modafinil had minimal outcome in dopamine transporter-null rats, who with out modafinil currently spent substantially extra time awake and a little bit more time wheel jogging than typical mice.The lengthy-time p